Duplicated ureter is a frequent malformation that occurs in approximately 1 in 20 people. Human physiologythe urinary system 3 organs in the urinary system kidneys and their structure the kidneys are a pair of bean shaped, reddish brown organs about the size of your fist. The genital duct merged into the terminal portion of the urethra. The ureters convey urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder. The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. Each kidney weighs about 125175 g in males and 115155 g in females. Wymer, in comprehensive clinical nephrology fourth edition, 2010. Just below their origin the ureters are crossed by gonadal testicular or ovarian vessels the socalled bridge over water. Once entering the pelvis it moves medially in the broad ligament of the female or the genital fold of the male. In the abdomen, the ureters lie in the retroperitoneum, passing anterior to the transverse processes of the vertebral bodies. It ends at its junction on the dorsolateral surface of the bladder within. The ureter is lined by urothelial cells, a type of transitional epithelium, and has an additional smooth muscle layer in the more distal onethird to assist with. The ureters are bilateral, muscular, tubular structures, responsible for taking urine from one kidney to the urinary bladder for storage, prior to excretion. The ureters are often seen segmentally because of active peristalsis.
Secondary to the distensibility of its muscular wall, it has the inherent ability to maintain a low pressure even when fully distended so as to maximum capacity. This free online tool allows to combine multiple pdf or image files into a single pdf document. Each ureter is a narrow tube that is about 12 inches 30 cm long. The ureter is a muscular tube that follows an s shaped course in the retroperitoneum.
Pdf merge combine pdf files free tool to merge pdf online. The ureters run retroperitoneally along the roof of the abdominal cavity and then enters the pelvis. Free online tool to merge pdf files pdfcreator online. Our pdf merger allows you to quickly combine multiple pdf files into one single pdf document, in just a few clicks. Whether you need to split a pdf into several different single files or split its pages in a certain interval, all you have to do is upload the pdf file and select the. Conveys urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder. Ureter, duct that transmits urine from the kidney to the bladder. The anatomical course of the ureters can therefore be divided into abdominal and pelvic components. The muscle fibers are arranged in three separate layers. The abdominal segment of the ureter extends from the renal pelvis to the pelvic brim. The ureters anatomical course neurovascular supply.
The right ureter begins behind the descending part of the duodenum. Surgical anatomy of the ureter wiley online library. The ureters should be free of filling defects and smooth. The bladder is a hollow, muscular organ, its main function being that of a reservoir. A ureter has thick contractile walls, and its diameter varies considerably at different points along its length. Retrograde positive contrast urethrocystography of the fish. In sparus aurata the urinary bladder has a globoid shape.
It can be complete, when the division is total and the supernumerary ureter joins the bladder through another orifice, or incomplete, where the ureters merge together. Pdf zusammenfugen online pdf dateien zusammenfugen. A case of bilateral duplicated ureter gross anatomy. According to kenson and hinman, the ureter may be injured at one of the following four dangerous sites. The tube emerges from each kidney, descends behind the. The left kidney is located at about the t12 to l3 vertebrae, whereas the right is lower due to slight displacement by the liver. Surgical anatomy of the bladder and ureter clinical gate. They are covered by the renal capsule, which is a tough capsule of fibrous connective tissue. Soda pdf merge tool allows you to combine pdf files in seconds. We herein report the detailed case of bilateral duplicated ureter in which two ureters originated from a single renal pelvis and merged just proximal to the ureterovesical junction.
562 1386 532 459 793 556 916 633 811 375 681 455 743 680 329 1564 707 661 1297 1555 437 38 1218 467 618 1020 935 10 954 394 966 420